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<TitleText textcase="01">PESCO : European defence's last frontier</TitleText> 
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<PersonName>Frédéric Mauro</PersonName> 
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<Text textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;The question that everyone is asking is whether these measures are just a flash of fire or whether they mark a genuine renewal. In other words, will they be followed by institutional prolongations and if so which ones?&#60;br /&#62;
In order to put these initiatives in a sustainable and structural framework, the simplest idea is to apply the Lisbon Treaty. But of all the Treaty's provisions relating to defense, the one relating to « permanent structured cooperation » is the last one that was not implemented.&#60;br /&#62;
That is why the institutions of Brussels are calling for it to be set up, and the High Representative has been instructed to make proposals to that effect.&#60;br /&#62;
The problem is that no one remembers the intention of the drafters of the treaties, nor what «permanent structured cooperation» really means.&#60;br /&#62;
Its understanding requires considerable analytical work and a great effort of synthesis.&#60;br /&#62;
Moreover, let us not delude ourselves, ticking the box to eliminate the last obstacles to the establishment of a true European defense will not be enough. Indeed, as permanent structured cooperation was inspired by the Euro-zone idea, it is affected by the same design flaws as the Maastricht criteria.&#60;br /&#62;
But if structured cooperation is not the miracle solution and its implementation is too complicated, what else?&#60;/p&#62;</Text>
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<Text language="eng">2016 was a year in which the European Union authorities took many measures in favour of defense: global strategy, implementation plan, action plan, preparatory action for defense research and roadmap to increase cooperation with NATO.</Text>
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<Text textformat="02">&#60;p&#62;INTRODUCTION &#60;br /&#62;
What should we take with us from these initiatives?&#60;br /&#62;
I. WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OF THE TREATIES IN COMMON&#60;br /&#62;
SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY MATTERS? &#60;br /&#62;
A. The intentions of the authors of the Treaty &#60;br /&#62;
B. Legal implications &#60;br /&#62;
C. The political consequences to be drawn from potential remaining untapped &#60;br /&#62;
II. WHY HAS THIS POTENTIAL NEVER BEEN TAPPED?&#60;br /&#62;
A. Circumstances had a lot to do with it &#8230;&#60;br /&#62;
B. &#8230; but it is mainly structural reasons that are continuing to block the launch&#60;br /&#62;
of the European Defence Union&#60;br /&#62;
III. DO WE REALLY NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE FULL POTENTIAL OF THE TREATIES? &#60;br /&#62;
A. Is it possible? &#60;br /&#62;
B. Is it desirable?&#60;br /&#62;
IV. WHAT ELSE CAN BE DONE?&#60;br /&#62;
A. Fake it &#60;br /&#62;
B. Make it &#60;br /&#62;
CONCLUSION &#60;/p&#62;</Text>
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